Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. It plays Read More...

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells. It is primarily responsible for the synthesis and Read More...

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that separates the interior of all cells from their extracellular environment. It Read More...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are the “waste-disposal” system of the cell digesting unwanted materials and cellular debris in the cytoplasm. They are membrane-enclosed Read More...

Nucleus

The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains a majority of the cell's genetic material (DNA) in the form Read More...

Mitochondria

Probes for Mitochondria Mitochondria are a distinctive, membrane-bound organelle present within all eukaryotic cells. As the primary site of ATP Read More...

Cell Structures and Organelles

Organelles are specialized structures that play a critical part in cellular function. Nearly all cellular activities are facilitated by organelles Read More...

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that are naturally produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Under Read More...

NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are abundant soluble cofactors that undergo reversible oxidation and reduction in major metabolic pathways. In cells they Read More...

Membrane Potential and Channels

Membrane potential is the difference in voltage between the interior and exterior of a cell. The membrane potential allows a Read More...

Intracellular Ions

The steady-state maintenance of disproportionate concentrations of inorganic cations and anions is a feature of living cells. Homeostatic regulation of Read More...

Intracellular pH

Intracellular pH plays an important modulating role in various cellular events, including cell growth, calcium regulation, enzymatic activity, receptor-mediated signal Read More...