Infectious Diseases

Figure 1. The Coxsackievirus (CV) virio

Figure 2. Coxsackievirus (CV) genomic organization

Featured Products

Coxsackievirus A6 VP2 antibody (GTX132348)

Coxsackievirus A6 VP3 antibody (GTX132689)

Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor antibody (GTX118382)

Featured Products

Figure 1. The EBOV virion

Figure 2. The EBOV genomic organization and EBOV-specific RNA editing

Ebola virus NP antibody (GTX134031)

Ebola virus VP35 antibody (GTX134032)

Ebola virus VP40 antibody (GTX134034)

Ebola virus NP antibody (GTX134031)

Ebola virus VP35 antibody (GTX134032)

Ebola virus VP40 antibody (GTX134034)

Ebola virus GP1 antibody (GTX134144)

Ebola virus GP2-delta antibody (GTX134145)

Ebola virus VP30 antibody (GTX134036)

Ebola virus GP1 antibody (GTX134144)

Ebola virus GP2-delta antibody (GTX134145)

Ebola virus VP30 antibody (GTX134036)

Figure 1. The EV-D68 virion

The Enterovirus genus (family Picornaviridae) encompasses 15 species, though only seven of these (i.e., Enterovirus A to D and Rhinovirus A to C) include viruses that infect humans. Each species contains various “types”, with the Enterovirus D species having five of which two (Enteroviruses D68 (EV-D68) and D70 (EV-D70)) infect only humans. EV-D68 can cause severe respiratory disease and is linked to the neurologic syndrome acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) that overwhelmingly (>90%) affects children (1, 2). Though first described in 1962, it is over the last one to two decades that there has been an increasing worldwide incidence of EV-D68 cases that tracks with AFM outbreaks. The EV-D68 genome has evolved rapidly and is now categorized into four clades, with mutations that appear to have broadened tissue tropism and virulence (including neurovirulence). Presently there are no available vaccines or antiviral agents for these pathogens.

Enterovirus D viruses are small and non-enveloped with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that is translated into a single polyprotein subsequently processed into 11 mature proteins. These include the four structural proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 in addition to seven nonstructural proteins (i.e., 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D) (2). Further characterization of their functions and host-viral factor interactions are essential for a better understanding of Enterovirus D pathogenesis.

GeneTex continues to expand its infectious disease catalog with a growing portfolio of reagents for non-poliovirus Enterovirus (NPVE) research (including antibodies against Coxsackievirus A6, Enterovirus A71, and Enterovirus D68). This includes the new recombinant rabbit monoclonal Enterovirus D68 VP1 antibody [HL1997] (GTX637898) for the EV-D68 product line. Please see the highlighted product images and a complete EV-D68 antibody listing below.

Figure 2. The EV-D68 genome codes for a single polyprotein that is processed into 11 mature proteins.

Featured Products

Enterovirus D68 VP1 antibody [HL1997] (GTX637898)

Enterovirus D68 VP1 antibody [GT11610] (GTX633688)

Capture: Enterovirus D68 VP1 antibody [GT11610] (GTX633688) Detection: Enterovirus D68 VP1 antibody [HL1997] (GTX637898)

Enterovirus D68 VP1 protein, His tag (GTX138561-pro)

Enterovirus D68 VP3 antibody [GT1665] (GTX633706)

Enterovirus D68 2B antibody (GTX134419)

References:

1. J Virol.2022 Aug; 96(15): e00833-22.
2. Microorganisms.2021 Aug; 9(8): 1758.

Figure 1. The EV71 virion

Figure 2. The EV71 genome codes for a single polyprotein that is processed into 11 mature proteins.

Featured Products

Flavivirus Viral Structure

Flavivirus Protein Schematic Diagram

Flavivirus Life Cycle

Flavivirus-induced PANoptosis

Innate Immune Responses against Flavivirus

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to “Harvey J Alter, Michael Houhgton and Charles M Rice“ for their discoveries of “Hepatitis C virus“.

Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen antibody (GTX131265)

Hepatitis C virus NS2 protein antibody (GTX131832)

Hepatitis C Virus NS3 protein antibody (GTX131276)

Hepatitis C Virus NS5A protein antibody (GTX131272)

Hepatitis C Virus NS5B protein antibody (GTX131273)

Structural

Core

Envelope

Non-structural
NS2

NS3

NS4

NS5

Others

Figure 1. The HDV and HBV virions

First detected in 1977, Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is a major cause of cirrhosis (occurring in ~70-80% of chronic cases) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). At least 12 million people (and possibly significantly more) are chronically infected with both Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV, putting them at increased risk of accelerated liver failure and HCC when compared to those patients carrying only HBV (1, 2). In addition, studies examining the oncogenicity of HDV itself, apart from its replicative dependence on HBV, have demonstrated that HDV-related HCC may be due to a mechanism (i.e., induction of genomic instability) distinct from that driving HBV-HCC (1). More research into HDV biology, HDV pathogenesis, and HDV hepatocarcinogenesis is essential, as the only recommended treatment (with limited success) is an extended course of peginterferon alfa (2).

HDV is a defective virus that can only infect individuals who are also infected with HBV, as it needs HBsAg in its envelope to enter hepatocytes (1, 2). It has the most compact genome known among animal viruses, consisting of a circular single-stranded RNA of perhaps 1.7 KB. The only protein encoded is the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), which exists as two isoforms: Large HDAg (L-HDAg (214 a.a.)) and Small HDAg (S-HDAg (195 a.a.)) (1). L-HDAg contains the S-HDAg sequence as well as a C-terminal isoprenylation motif required for linking the HDV ribonucleoprotein to HBsAg during viral particle assembly. S-HDAg is necessary for viral replication, while L-HDAg is inhibitory (1). HDV replicates only in the nucleus of hepatocytes and retasks the host RNA polymerase II to replicate its genome. Thus, HBsAg is the indispensable (and only) component needed from HBV for HDV replication, being crucial for HDV’s ability to infect hepatocytes as well as viral assembly and virion release (1, 2).

GeneTex continues its commitment to producing quality reagents for infectious disease research. For HDV research, GeneTex is proud to introduce new recombinant antibody products against the Large HDAg isoform (Hepatitis D virus Large delta protein antibody [HL1051] (GTX636026)) and both the Large and Small HDAg isoforms (Hepatitis D virus Large delta + Small delta protein antibody [HL1053] (GTX636028) and Hepatitis D virus Large delta + Small delta protein antibody [HL1055] (GTX636030)) to expand its catalog. Please see the highlighted product images below for more details.

Figure 2. HDV HDAg transcription

Highlighted Products

Hepatitis D virus Large delta + Small delta protein antibody [HL1055] (GTX636030)

Hepatitis D virus Large delta + Small delta protein antibody [HL1053] (GTX636028)

Hepatitis D virus Large delta protein antibody [HL1051] (GTX636026)

Hepatitis D virus Large delta protein antibody [HL1051] (GTX636026)

References:

1. Viruses. 2021 May 4;13(5):830. doi: 10.3390/v13050830.
2. J Viral Hepat. 2023;30(Suppl. 1):40-43. doi:10.1111/ jvh.13825.

Figure 1. Influenza virion

GeneTex has supported the world’s leading researchers for over 25 years with our quality antibodies. Our products continue to be referenced in leading publications and we are proud to be able to contribute to the research community.

There are three types of influenza virus: Types A, B, and C. The influenza A and B viruses are the ones most associated with serious human infections,while the Type C cases are clinically much milder. The main antigenic determinants of influenza A and B viruses are the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) transmembrane glycoproteins. Based on the antigenicity of these glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are further subdivided into sixteen “H” (H1-H16) and nine “N” (N1-N9) subtypes.The influenza A virus genome consists of eight separate RNA segments that encode the proteins (i.e., PB1, PB2, PA, HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, and NS2) essential for host infection, viral genome replication, and virus particle packaging.

Figure 2. Antigenic shift and drift of influenza A virus

Influenza A Viral Proteins

Influenza virus A NP

Lateral Flow Assay

Flu A NP (GTX636318)
Flu A NP (GTX636247)

Indirect ELISA

Flu A NP (GTX636318)
Flu A NP (GTX636247)
Flu A NP (GTX636199)

Indirect ELISA

Flu A NP (GTX636318)
Flu A NP (GTX636247)
Flu A NP (GTX636199)

Sandwich ELISA

Flu A NP (GTX636318)
Flu A NP (GTX636247)

ICC/IF staining

Flu A NP (GTX636677)

IHC-P (cell pellet)

Flu A NP (GTX636247)

Influenza B Viral Proteins

Influenza virus B NP

Lateral Flow Assay

Flu B NP (GTX636099)
Flu B NP (GTX636100)

Indirect ELISA

Flu B NP (GTX636099)
Flu B NP (GTX636100)
Flu B NP (GTX636194)

Indirect ELISA

Flu B NP (GTX636099)
Flu B NP (GTX636100)
Flu B NP (GTX636194)

Sandwich ELISA

Flu B NP (GTX636099)
Flu B NP (GTX636100)

ICC/IF staining

Flu B NP (GTX636099)

Envelope protein (JEV) antibody (GTX125867)

Envelope protein (JEV) antibody (GTX125867)

NS1 (JEV) antibody (GTX131369)

NS3 (JEV) antibody (GTX125868)

NS3 (JEV) antibody (GTX125868)

NS4B (JEV) antibody (GTX125865)

Figure 1. The Norovirus (NoV) virion

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) (previously referred to as the Norwalk Virus (NV) or Norwalk-like viruses) are the overwhelming (>95%) cause of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis in the world, accounting for more than 200,000 deaths annually and significant morbidity (1). NoVs spread primarily through the fecal-oral route, which facilitates their spread through children under five years of age, the elderly, the immunocompromised, and tourists. The viral-induced self-limited gastroenteritis generally involves abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. Though there is at least one vaccine candidate in development, there are no specific antivirals for HuNoVs and thorough handwashing procedures remain the best preventative strategy.

HuNoVs belong to the genus Norovirus of the family Caliciviridae. They are non-enveloped viruses containing a positive-sense, single-stranded genomic RNA of ~7.5-7.7 kb (Figures 1-2). Three open-reading frames (ORFs) encode the six non-structural proteins (NS1/2 to NS7), the main capsid protein VP1, and the minor capsid protein VP2, respectively. There are currently ten genogroups (GI–GX) (further subdivided into 49 genotypes) of NoV specified by the sequences of VP1 and the NS7 polymerase, though only GI (to which NV belongs), GII, and GIV cause acute gastroenteritis in humans (1, 2). The GII.4 genotype is associated with a more severe clinical course, and has spun off six pandemic strains. GII.17 is another highly infectious genotype that has been recently detected. Owing to antigenic shift and drift, new variants with more potent invasive capacity and resistance continue to emerge.

GeneTex is proud to add two new genotype-specific antibodies against HuNoV VP1 to its expanding portfolio of NoV research reagents. These are both recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies: Norovirus VP1 antibody [HL1672] (GTX637271) (GII.4-specific) and Norovirus VP1 antibody [HL2177] (GTX638181) (GII.17-specific). Please see the highlighted product images and a complete NoV antibody listing below.

Norovirus VP1 antibody [HL2177] (GTX638181) (GII.17-specific)

Norovirus VP1 antibody [HL2177] (GTX638181) (GII.17-specific)

Norovirus VP1 antibody [HL1672] (GTX637271) (GII.4-specific)

Norovirus VP1 antibody (GTX134381) (GII.4-specific)

Norovirus VP1 antibody (GTX134382) (GII.17-specific)

Norovirus VP2 antibody (GTX134386)

References:

1.    Viruses. 2022 Dec 16;14(12):2811. doi: 10.3390/v14122811.
2.    Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 16;11:961. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00961.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the potentially lethal COVID-19 respiratory tract infection. This new virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, which also includes SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

GeneTex is proud to offer an extensive line of research antibodies and proteins to support the study of SARS-CoV-2, several of which were validated using virus-infected cell lysates. Please see the highlighted products below or click the button to see more product information.

Highlighted Products

Antibodies

Nucleocapsid antibody [HL5511] (EC50: 0.014 nM) (GTX635689)

PLpro (nsp3) antibody (GTX135589)

RdRp (nsp12) antibody (GTX135467)

Proteins

Spike S1 protein, His and Avi tag (active) (GTX01548-pro)

Spike RBD protein, His tag (active) (GTX01546-pro)

Nucleocapsid protein, His tag (GTX135592-pro)

ELISA Pairs

Nucleocapsid ELISA Pair [HL5511 / HL448] (GTX500045)

Nucleocapsid ELISA Pair [HL5410 / HL455-MS] (GTX500042)

Spike ELISA Pair [1A9 / HL6] (GTX500040)

The first case of COVID-19 was detected in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has now been declared a pandemic (1). With SARS-CoV-2 now reaching pandemic status, researchers and clinicians have been working furiously to learn more about the virus’s biology and pathogenesis as well as how to treat the more clinically aggressive COVID-19 cases.

In their study published very recently in Cell, Hoffmann et al. confirm findings reported by Zhou et al. that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it is for SARS-CoV (2, 3). In addition, they identify the serine protease TMPRSS2 as a critical factor in the priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, an essential step for viral entry into host cells through fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The authors also demonstrate that the serine protease inhibitor camostat mesylate, an agent that has already seen clinical application as a treatment for chronic pancreatitis in Japan, is able to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung cells.

To further expedite the identification of agents with activity against SARS-CoV-2, the WHO’s SOLIDARITY study will assess the potential utility of four different classes of clinically known drugs or drug combinations against the virus (4). The four arms include the viral polymerase inhibitor remdesivir, the anti-malarial agents chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir with interferon-beta. This study, which is one of many ongoing trials that are reviewing more than a dozen possible therapies, is stripped down to accelerate data acquisition and be accessible to physicians everywhere. The central focus of many of these trials is to evaluate existing agents with acceptable safety profiles (e.g., the serine protease inhibitor camostat mesylate) that are amenable to repurposing for use against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, compounds previously found to have activity against SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, or other viruses are being reexamined, as is the use of convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients and monoclonal antibodies targeting viral components (5). The singular determination to fight this virus as a world community is now widely appreciated as the only path to eventual success.

References:

1. Nature News. 11 March 2020.
2. Nature 579, 270-273 (2020).
3. Cell 181, 1-10 (2020).
4. Science 367(6485), 1412-1413 (2020).
5. Science 2020 Apr 3. pii: eabb7269.

Yellow fever, caused by the mosquito-transmitted yellow fever virus (YFV), is a potentially fatal disease that has plagued humans for centuries. The 17D vaccine, raised against an attenuated strain of YFV, has been available for more than 80 years and provides excellent protection. Nevertheless, significant vulnerability in the world population persists even with vaccination and vector control programs, as exemplified by recent outbreaks in Africa and South America. In addition, the existence of the vaccine may have slowed the impetus to identify therapeutic antivirals to treat symptomatic cases of yellow fever in unvaccinated people. Thus, research into YFV biology and candidate agents that disrupt the viral life cycle remain a world public health priority.

YFV Capsid Protein C antibody (GTX134022)

YFV NS4B Protein antibody (GTX134030)

YFV NS5 Protein antibody (GTX134141)

In their recent Antiviral Research study, Gao et al. describe the development of antibody-based assays to facilitate high-throughput discovery of anti-YFV agents. To do this, the researchers first performed an exhaustive analysis on a series of research antibodies from GeneTex that target the three structural and five of the nonstructural proteins encoded by the YFV genome. They used the antibodies for both biochemical and cell biology assays to explore YFV polyprotein processing, replication complex organization, and viral RNA synthesis. The anti-NS4B antibody (GTX134030) was then incorporated into in-cell western and high-content imaging assays that revealed a synergistic antiviral effect of the compounds BDAA and Sofosbuvir, which target NS4B and the NS5 RNA polymerase, respectively. These findings demonstrate how antibody-based assays can not only expedite screening for antiviral agents against YFV, but also provide insight into the mechanistic basis of their inhibitory actions.

GeneTex is a leader in the production of reliable reagents for the study of an array of viral pathogens, including flaviviruses, influenza viruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses (i.e., MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2), among others. The GeneTex team’s top priority is to create reagents that perform well in the hands of researchers. We are particularly gratified by the impressive results generated by Gao et al. using our YFV antibodies.

References:

Gao et al. Antiviral Res. 2020 Oct; 182: 104907.

Zika virus Envelope protein antibody [HL1699] (GTX637298)

Zika virus NS4B protein antibody [HL1664] (GTX637262)

Zika virus Envelope protein antibody (GTX133314)

Zika virus NS2B protein antibody (GTX133308)

Zika virus NS3 protein antibody (GTX133320)

Zika virus NS4A protein antibody (GTX133704)

Zika virus NS5 protein antibody (GTX133329)

Zika virus prM protein antibody (GTX133305)

Figure 1. The CHIKV virion

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus in the Togaviridae family. The enveloped capsid core contains a ~12 kb single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that encodes four nonstructural and five structural proteins. CHIKV has both sylvatic (in Asia and Africa involving non-human primates and forest-localized mosquitoes) and urban (with transmission to and between humans mediated by infected Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes) lifecycles. In fact, among the alphaviruses, it is the most prevalent one transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (1). There are four major geographically described CHIKV lineages, including the East Central South Africa (ECSA), the West Africa (WA), the Asian, and the more recent Indian Ocean lineages. CHIKV is now found in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, with additional spread inevitable as trade globalization and climate change expand the ranges of Aedes mosquitoes.

The word “Chikungunya” is derived from a Kimakonde root verb with several meanings, with perhaps the most illustrative being “to walk bent over”. CHIKV infection causes an acute fever with myalgia and polyarthralgia that can become chronic and debilitating. Thus, despite the fact that fatalities are comparatively rare (occurring primarily in patients with comorbidities, co-infections, or certain genetic features), it nevertheless can have calamitous effects on quality of life. There are no antiviral therapeutics for this virus, so treatment is largely supportive and preventative strategies involving vector control are paramount. Due to the possibility that it could cause a pandemic, CHIKV is a priority for vaccine development.

GeneTex continues its commitment to producing quality reagents for infectious disease research with an expanding portfolio of reagents for arbovirus research (including antibodies against Zika virus, Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, among many others). For CHIKV research, GeneTex is proud to introduce new recombinant antibody products (e.g., Chikungunya virus E1 antibody [HL2069] (GTX637973) and Chikungunya virus nsP2 antibody [HL1488] (GTX636962)) to expand its already near-comprehensive line of CHIKV protein antibodies. Please see the highlighted product images and a complete CHIKV antibody listing below.

Figure 2. CHIKV genomic organization

Chikungunya virus E1 antibody [HL2069] (GTX637973)

Chikungunya virus Capsid antibody (GTX135183)

Chikungunya virus nsP1 antibody (GTX135191)

Chikungunya virus nsP2 antibody [HL1488] (GTX636962)

Chikungunya virus nsP3 antibody (GTX135189)

Chikungunya virus nsP4 antibody (GTX135190)

Reference:

1. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Apr 6;9(1):17.doi: 10.1038/s41572-023-00429-2.

Figure 1. The LASV virion

Lassa virus (LASV) is the etiologic agent of Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) with a high case fatality rate (between 20-70%) associated primarily with countries in West Africa. Belonging to the Mammarenavirus genus of the Old World Arenaviridae family, LASV is endemic to rodent (most notably Mastomys natalensis) populations in these regions and is characterized by frequent spillovers to humans through exposures (inhalation or contact) to infected feces, aerosolized urine or contaminated dust, or during preparation/consumption of infected rodents as food. Human-to-human transmission has also been described. Though ~80% of human infections are mild or asymptomatic, perhaps 20% lead to Lassa fever with 40% of those having a very severe clinical course with orifice and mucosal hemorrhage, circulatory shock, and multi-organ failure (1). With at least seven lineages found in West Africa, there is presently no LASV vaccine. Ribavirin has shown some clinical benefit, yet therapy is primarily supportive.

LASV is an enveloped virus with a genome consisting of two ambisense, single-stranded RNA segments (Large (L) and Small (S)) that each code for two proteins, with all four proteins being multifunctional. The ambisense RNAs give rise to early translation of the nucleoprotein (NP) and large (L) protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) components followed by later translation of the glycoprotein complex (GPC) proteins (GP1 and GP2) as well as the zinc-binding protein (Z, matrix protein) (1). Interestingly, LASV particles also contain host ribosomes.

LASV is attracting more global attention due to the continuing geographical spread of its rodent reservoirs, increasing outbreak frequency, its importation to other continents, significant potential for weaponization, and the genesis of new lineages in West Africa. Reliable point-of-care diagnostics, targeted therapies, thoughtful vaccine(s) development, and effective rodent control strategies are among the essential approaches to control LASV-related morbidity and mortality.

GeneTex continues its commitment to manufacturing quality reagents for infectious disease research with new recombinant monoclonal antibodies against the LASV NP protein (e.g., Lassa virus Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1392] (GTX636832) and Lassa virus Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1390] (GTX636830)) to expand its current LASV reagent catalog. Additional products for detection of other LASV proteins will be forthcoming. Please see the highlighted product images and a complete LASV antibody listing below.

Lassa virus Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1392] (GTX636832)

Lassa virus Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1390] (GTX636830)

Lassa virus Nucleoprotein antibody (GTX134873)

Lassa virus Glycoprotein G1 antibody [HL2536]
(GTX638905)

Lassa virus Glycoprotein G2 antibody (GTX134883)

Lassa virus RING finger protein Z antibody (GTX134874)

Reference:

Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Feb;21(2):87-96. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00789-8.

Figure 1. The VEEV virion

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is one of the three major encephalitic alphaviruses (the others being Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) and Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)) that can cause severe illness in humans. VEEV infects both equids and humans in a geographical distribution that includes Mexico to northern South America. As an arbovirus, VEEV is primarily transmitted by hematophagous insects, including mosquitoes, and most frequently causes a mild flu-like syndrome in humans. However, neurologic complications can occur in nearly 15% of cases, with case fatality rates that can be almost 10%. Presently, there is no available vaccine for widespread use and no medical treatment but supportive care. The potential for VEEV and other alphaviruses to be weaponized remains a significant concern (1).

VEEV is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that codes for four nonstructural (nsP1-nsP4) and six structural proteins (1). As part of its efforts to generate the most comprehensive line of reagents for infectious disease research, GeneTex is proud to offer new recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies against the VEEV nonstructural proteins (see “Highlighted Products” below). These antibodies are exciting additions to GeneTex’s expanding portfolio of reagents for arbovirus research (which includes antibodies against Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus, among others). Please see the highlighted product images and a complete VEEV antibody listing below.

Figure 2. The VEEV genomic organization

Highlighted Products

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP1 antibody [HL1472] (GTX636946)

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP2 antibody [HL1919] (GTX637668)

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP3 antibody [HL1502] (GTX636976)

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP4 antibody [HL1741] (GTX637389)

Reference:

1. Viruses. 2023 Jan 28;15(2):382.doi: 10.3390/v15020382.

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an underdiagnosed, often lethal respiratory pathogen affecting infants and children as well as the elderly, immunocompromised, and long-term care facility populations. Infection, which occurs through aerosolized droplets and close contact, is essentially universal within the first two years of life and reinfection is common in both children and adults. Though often thought to be clinically less severe than influenza, RSV is linked to perhaps 250,000 adult, and 60,000 pediatric, deaths per year.

RSV is a filamentous/spherical, enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Pneumoviridae family. Its 15.2 kb genome encodes eleven proteins from ten genes (1). Though the two major RSV antigenic subgroups, designated “A” and “B”, display differences in multiple proteins, the primary antigenic determinant is the “G” attachment glycoprotein. Interestingly, it is the “prefusion” form of the “F” fusion protein that has proven to be the most successful immunogenic RSV factor (via its “theta” site) in terms of eliciting neutralizing antibodies and generating promising vaccine trials against both RSV Type A and Type B (2). Several monoclonal antibody therapies directed against prefusion F are in development to augment the one available RSV monoclonal antibody therapy (palivizumab) that is indicated for high-risk infants, though it targets postfusion F and has both cost and administration issues.

There are a number of approaches to diagnose RSV. However, the most reliable method presently is RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swab samples. Antigen testing for rapid point-of-care diagnosis would greatly facilitate diagnosis as well as potentially more effective early intervention. For this reason, and to support additional research into basic RSV biology, GeneTex is developing recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies against various RSV proteins, focusing first on the RSV nucleoprotein (indicated as NP below). The initial series of NP antibodies have superior binding affinity and are validated for ELISA, sandwich ELISA (sELISA), and lateral flow assay (LFA) (see below and individual datasheets). In addition, several of them perform well in western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemistry.

Recommended RSV Antibody Pairs for Lateral Flow Assay

Comparison of GeneTex’s Recombinant RSV Antibodies with other Market-leading Clones

Indirect ELISA assays exhibit the comparative sensitivities of recombinant RSV Nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies GTX636648, GTX636649, and GTX636650 against (A) RSV A NP or (B) RSV B NP, compared to clones from two competitors.

Recommended RSV Antibody Pairs for Sandwich ELISA

Capture Antibody     GTX636649 [HL1247]

Detection Antibody GTX636648 [HL1246]

Capture Antibody    GTX636650 [HL1248]

Detection Antibody GTX636648 [HL1246]

Superior Binding Affinities of Recombinant RSV Antibodies

	Cat. No.	Clone	EC50 RSV A NP (GTX136751-pro)	EC50 RSV B NP (GTX136931-pro)
	GTX636648	HL1246	13.6 pM	15.4 pM
	GTX636649	HL1247	3.8 pM	15.9 pM
	GTX636650	HL1248	8.9 pM	10.1 pM
	GTX636705	HL1291	10.7 pM	19.0 pM
	GTX636709	HL1295	19.8 pM	105.4 pM
	GTX636710	HL1296	29.0 pM	170.8 pM
	GTX636711*	HL1297	16.7 pM	2854.8 pM

* GTX636711 is specific for RSV A NP.

RSV Nucleoprotein Recombinant Proteins

Respiratory Syncytial Virus type A Nucleoprotein, DDDDK tag
(GTX136751-pro)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus type B
Nucleoprotein, DDDDK tag
(GTX136931-pro)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1248] (GTX636650)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus type A Nucleoprotein antibody [HL1297] (GTX636711)

References:
(1) Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Apr;17(4):233-245.
(2) Pathogens. 2022 Nov 11;11(11):1324.

African Swine Fever Virus: An ongoing threat to the global swine industry

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a deadly (95-100% mortality rate) and highly contagious pathogen that primarily infects domestic and wild pigs. Originating in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Swine Fever (ASF) has been reported in more than 50 countries across Africa, Europe, and Asia and has extended into the Caribbean. Although it cannot infect humans, it has had serious economic impact on the swine industry with almost 25% of the global pig population dying of ASF from 2018-2019.

Transmission of ASF occurs through direct contact with infected pigs as well as exposure to their blood, body fluids, feces, and carcasses. Thus far, no effective treatment or efficacious vaccine has been developed. The currently implemented measures to slow the spread of ASF rely heavily on early detection, on-farm biosecurity measures, culling of herds, and movement control. All of these require reliable diagnostic assays to facilitate early warning, prompt intervention, and monitoring of transmission.

Current diagnostic methodologies include conventional and real-time PCR for detecting viral DNA, ELISA and lateral flow tests for detecting ASFV antigens or antibodies, and the more definitive but time-consuming virus isolation and hemadsorption (HAD).

GeneTex offers an expanding catalog of high-quality validated for various applications, including western blot (WB), ICC/IF, IHC-P, ELISA, Sandwich ELISA and Lateral Flow. Please see the highlighted products below

Highlighted Products

ASFV p54 antibody [HL1287] (GTX636701)

Lateral flow analysis using ASFV p54 antibody [HL1287] (GTX636701) as capture antibody and ASFV p54 antibody [GT1075] (GTX635691) as detection antibody.
N: Lysis buffer
P: Recombinant ASFV p54 protein

Sandwich ELISA analysis using ASFV p54 antibody [HL1287] (GTX636701) as capture antibody and HRP-conjugated ASFV p54 antibody [HL1286] (GTX636700) as detection antibody.

ASFV p54 antibody [HL1289] (GTX636703)

Lateral flow analysis using ASFV p54 antibody [HL1289] (GTX636703) as capture antibody and ASFV p54 antibody [GT1075] (GTX635691) as detection antibody.
N: Lysis buffer
P: Recombinant ASFV p54 protein

Sandwich ELISA analysis using ASFV p54 antibody [HL1287] (GTX636701) as capture antibody and HRP-conjugated ASFV p54 antibody [HL1289] (GTX636703) as detection antibody.

Infection by animal viruses is initiated by viral binding to host cells. Delineation of the mechanisms mediating subsequent viral entry is an area of intense research, as there is considerable complexity and variability among different viruses. Nevertheless, a general framework for this process, particularly for some enveloped viruses, involves the following steps: (1) viral attachment to host cell receptors, (2) cell signaling pathway activation, (3) endocytosis, (4) penetration of cellular membranes and intracellular trafficking, and (5) viral genome uncoating. The viral genome is then available for expression, replication, packaging and release to infect other cells. Understanding the molecular events underlying virus/host cell interactions during entry is of paramount importance for the potential identification of targets for pharmacologic intervention.

GeneTex is proud to offer an outstanding selection of antibodies to study virus attachment, internalization and penetration for infectious disease research. These antibodies are validated for various applications to facilitate your efforts in this exciting field. Please see the highlighted products below

ACE2 antibody [N1N2], N-term (GTX101395)

TMPRSS2 antibody [N2C3] (GTX100743)

AXL antibody
(GTX129407)

CD13 antibody
(GTX102788)